Wydział Chemii

Jin Zhang

Yue Wang

Yuting Zhang

Ting Liu

Shuai Fang

Ruihong Wang

Yangmin Ma

Ran Fang

Roman Szostak

Michal Szostak

2022

Organometallics

41

1115-1124

10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00140

Naukowa

Angielski

Artykuł

N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are pivotal ligands in chemistry and catalysis, providing essential tools for the reactivity of metal centers. In particular, the development of nonclassical less heteroatom-stabilized N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) has attracted tremendous attention owing to higher ligand basicity. However, research on the catalytic activity of nonclassical NHCs has been challenging due to restrictions in modifying steric environment crucial for catalysis. Herein, we report a new class of indazolin-3-ylidene ligands derived from readily available indazole that feature steric differentiation around the metal center. Compared to classical imidazol-2-ylidenes, these ligands feature strongly enhanced σ-donation resulting from re-positioning of one of the nitrogen atoms. Simultaneously, the presence of the fused aromatic ring results in strongly enhanced π-accepting properties. The % V_bur is higher than the classic imidazol-2-ylidene IMes ligand. We demonstrate that when used as ligands, the sterically differentiated coordination environment of indazolin-3-ylidenes efficiently promote the hydroamination reaction of alkynes to give valuable nitrogen-containing motifs, outcompeting the classical imidazol-2-ylidenes. This protocol has also been applied to the challenging hydrohydrazination of alkynes and applied to the late-stage diversification. Comprehensive characterization, coordination chemistry, as well as the evaluation of steric, σ-donating, and π-accepting properties are demonstrated. Computational studies to gain insight into the reaction mechanism are reported. We anticipate that sterically differentiated nonclassical indazolin-3-ylidenes will accelerate the development of well-defined less heteroatom-stabilized N-heterocyclic carbene ligands in transition-metal catalysis.

Catalysis, Differentiation, Hydrocarbons, Ligands, Organic reactions

http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00140

https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en.html